Why Cancer Is Common In Some Dog Breeds

Updated January 30, 2021

I saw a beautiful, not old dog recently, and before I even touched him I knew what was wrong.

He was a Bernese Mountain Dog with enlarged lymph nodes, and I knew he had cancer in the same way I know it when:

• a Rottweiler limps in a certain way
• a German Shepherd suddenly goes pale and weak, or
• a Staffie gets a lump on the leg

I hate this. I really hate the inevitability of it all. Because the fact that vets can draw links between breeds and cancers is anything but random.

It goes to the heart of why dogs get so much cancer.

The Number 1 Cause Of Cancer In Dogs

It’s staring us right in the face. It’s their genes.

Not pesticides, or whether they’re desexed, or processed foods. Yes, we know that cancers can have other risk factors, but these all seem insignificant when compared with the genetic ones.

Any time a disease is more common in one dog breed than another, part of the reason has to be in their DNA. Yet like so many genetic diseases of dogs, we take it for granted that it has to be that way. It doesn’t.

Why Cancer Is Common In Certain Dogs

The cancers we’re talking about have their origin in a genetic mutation, which was probably present from birth. There are plenty of human equivalents, but they aren’t the same. In a human population, each faulty gene is generally uncommon, and each carrier probably only has one copy.

Compared to humans, purebred dogs are all inbred.

Once upon a time dogs were just dogs in all their shapes and sizes. Then around 200 years ago, each of the breeds was defined and isolated, often from a small number of founders.

To be a purebred dog, you need to show that you’re only descended from these dogs. To make matters worse, we have:

• frequent use of popular sires
• inbreeding practices 
• population bottlenecks (such as in WWII)

All of which further reduce genetic diversity. Meaning that in certain breeds, mutations that were formerly rare become common, and some individuals even end up with two copies.

The Dog Breeds Prone To Cancer

The rate of cancer in dogs is not evenly spread. There are some breeds that hardly get cancer until they’re old, and others for whom it’s far too common. I want to share with you three big studies with dog cancer statistics.

In each case the number refers to the percent of dogs of that breed who died of cancer. In each case I only show the dogs with above average risk.

First, this study of insured Swedish dogs.

Breed	% Cancer-related death
Bernese Mountain Dog	41
Boxer	37
Golden Retriever	30
Leonberger	28
Dobermann	23
Irish Wolfhound	22
Labrador Retriever	21
Springer Spaniel	21
Pyrenees (Pyrenean)	20
Mongrel	19
St Bernard	19

Second, this study from the USA containing more breeds.

Breed	% Cancer-related death
Bernese Mountain Dog	55
Golden Retriever	50
Scottish Terrier	48
Bouvier des Flandres	47
Boxer	44
Bullmastiff	44
Irish Setter	41
Airedale Terrier	40
Gordon Setter	38
Basset Hound	38
Norwegian Elkhound	37
Rhodesian Ridgeback	37
Vizsla	36
Pyrenees (Pyrenean)	36
Old English Sheepdog	36
English Setter	36
Afghan Hound	35
Alaskan Malamute	34
Labrador Retriever	34
Borzoi	34
English Pointer	34
Cairn Terrier	32
Irish Wolfhound	32
Boston Terrier	30
Pembroke Welsh Corgi	30
Shetland Sheepdog	30
Mastiff	30
English Springer Spaniel	30
Rottweiler	30
Siberian Husky	29
Chesapeake Bay Retriever	29
Keeshond	28
German Shepherd Dog	28

And lastly, this UK study that contains one extra statistic.

Breed	% Cancer-related death	Median age at death
Irish water spaniel	56	9.3
Flat-coated retriever	50	9.8
Hungarian wirehaired vizsla	47	9.8
Bernese mountain dog	46	8.0
Rottweiler	45	8.9
Italian spinone	45	9.0
Leonberger	45	7.1
Staffordshire bull terrier	44	12.7
Welsh terrier	43	12.7
Giant schnauzer	41	10.0
Airedale terrier	40	10.7
Golden retriever	39	12.2
Boxer	39	10.2
Briard	38	11.2
French bulldog	38	9.0
Bullmastiff	37	7.5
Alaskan Malamute	36	10.7
Saluki/gazelle hound	36	12.0
Nova Scotia duck tolling retriever	33	8.0
Basset griffon vendeen	32.9	12.0
Beagle	32.8	12.7
English setter	32.8	11.6
Norwegian elkhound	32.4	13.3
Siberian Husky	31.8	12.6
Keeshond	31.7	12.2
Tibetan terrier	31.6	12.2
Basset hound	31.0	11.3
Labrador retriever	31.2	12.2
Afghan hound	30.8	11.9
Rhodesian ridgeback	30.6	11.0
Irish red and white setter	30.2	11.4
Standard poodle	29.7	12.0
German shorthaired pointer	29.6	12.0
Cocker spaniel/English cocker	29.4	11.2
Field spaniel	29.4	11.6
Welsh corgi Pembroke	28.4	12.2
Welsh corgi cardigan	28.3	12.2
Gordon setter	29.3	11.1
Irish setter	27.3	12.0
Newfoundland	27.1	9.7

You can see that certain breeds reappear in each study, and others only appear once. These might be breeds only popular in one place, or breeds where the risk varies between countries. Or it might just be chance.

The UK study adds an important point: it matters much more if a dog dies of cancer at 8 than if they died of it at 13.

Are Cancer Rates In Dogs Increasing?

There are several reasons why it might seem that cancer in dogs is getting more common.

1. Cancer rates are actually increasing
2. Dogs are living longer lives, and so cancer will be a greater cause of death
3. Dogs receive better veterinary care, and therefore more accurate diagnosis

I think the true reason is a mix of all three. I believe that the giant breeds are getting more cancer due to their increased size. I also think that it’s hard to deny the loss of genetic diversity with each generation.

But I also have seen the advances in both how pet owners look after their dogs, and how vets can treat them. For that reason, I’m not too alarmed. But I would dearly like to see more breeders of high-risk breeds making an effort to select for dogs less likely to die early of cancer.

Yes it will be hard. It would mean either choosing family lines that have had fewer cancers in the past, or identifying the faulty genes and testing before breeding.

The statistics tell us it’s possible.

Related: Lifespans Of Dog Breeds | How To Help Your Dog Live Longer

References

Bonnett, B. N., Egenvall, A., Hedhammar, Å., & Olson, P. (2005). Mortality in over 350,000 insured Swedish dogs from 1995–2000: I. Breed-, gender-, age-and cause-specific rates. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 46(3), 105

Fleming, J. M., Creevy, K. E., & Promislow, D. E. L. (2011). Mortality in North American dogs from 1984 to 2004: an investigation into age‐, size‐, and breed‐related causes of death. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(2), 187-198

Adams, V. J., Evans, K. M., Sampson, J., & Wood, J. L. N. (2010). Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 51(10), 512-524

Have something to add? Comments are welcome below and will appear within 24 hours.
By Andrew Spanner BVSc(Hons) MVetStud, a vet in Adelaide, Australia.