Losing Hair, Overgrooming or Over Licking in Cats

Hair loss is a good example of how the skin problems of cats are different from dogs. It’s got a lot to do with their special grooming behaviour. 

The Overgrooming Myth

When cats have itchy skin they don’t scratch the same way dogs do. More commonly, they just lick the area more. This damages the hair shafts, which break, and bald spots appear.

From the outside, the skin often looks normal. Once upon a time, at this point, vets would say, “your cat is overgrooming”. Boom. In one word, it’s suddenly the cat’s fault.

But it gets worse. I once heard an eminent vet say that prednisolone has calming effects on cats and that’s why it works on ‘overgrooming’. Well, prednisolone is actually an anti-inflammatory steroid. Despite the fact that ‘pred’ could only be working by suppressing an itch, some vets were willing to invent new properties for the drug rather than accept the reality.

So what is the reality?

Why Cats Lose Hair

Hair loss has at least three causes:

1. Diseases causing itch such as allergy or fleas
2. Diseases causing the hair to break or fall out
3. Diseases causing overgrooming

As you can see, I don’t deny the existence of psychological overgrooming. It just needs it to be considered last. The reason is simple: the first two will get better with specific treatment. Overgrooming is a diagnosis of exclusion and often ends up being hard to treat.

The mystery photo shows hair loss between the back legs of our elderly patient Purdy. It would have been so easy to call it psychological or hormonal.

If we call a cat an overgroomer, we’re in danger of giving up on them before we start. We need to consider all three causes. Lets start with the itch.

What Causes Itchy Skin In Cats

Itchy skin in cats is usually caused by either:

• Flea bite
• Environmental allergy
• Food allergy
• Mites (rarely)

Now have a look at the picture at the start. It shows the most common patterns seen for these three causes in 500 cats. The colours indicate the percentage of cats in each group that were affected in that area.

• light blue is 0-20%
• blue is 20-40%
• yellow is 40-60%
• orange is 60-80%.

Several observations spring out straight away:

1. Hair loss on the lower back and tail is most often flea-related
2. Hair loss on the belly happens with everything
3. Hair loss on the front and back legs: probably not food
4. Facial problems happen with everything but head & neck problems are more common for food
5. Nothing is true 100% of the time

Point 5 means that although patterns are useful to tell us what to try first, we can’t use them for a diagnosis.

So although Purdy does have hair loss on the belly, here’s why she didn’t have these diseases:

1. She gets treated every month with Revolution for fleas
2. Environmental allergies such as to dust mites, pollens and grasses almost never start in old age
3. Food allergies are usually a lot more severe and widespread
4. The lesions aren’t typical for mites

So what about the second cause of hair loss?

What Causes The Hair To Fall Out?

Not many diseases cause spontaneous alopecia. A fungal infection called ringworm (pictured under ultraviolet light) is most common. However, Purdy just doesn’t fit the age or pattern for ringworm, and the skin changes aren’t consistent either.

Hair can also fall out with mites (very rare, wrong spot) and breed-related ‘disorders’. Pictured is my disorder of a Devon Rex, Grendel. All the rex breeds have hair that grows poorly and so most of them will have bald patches at times. That’s just the way they are.

So, by exclusion, it seems like Purdy will be overgrooming after all.

What Causes Overgrooming?

Causes of true overgrooming include anything that might affect your cat’s emotional well-being. That can be:

• a house move
• new baby
• another cat or dog
• health problems

You can read more examples at our page on Stress and anxiety in cats.

In this case, Purdy’s problem was caused by hyperthyroidism. She was brought to me for the hair loss, but I noticed she wasn’t right in other ways and ordered a blood test.

Thyroid disease makes cats edgy and highly strung. Once we controlled her thyroid problem, she relaxed and the hair grew back.

Do Hormones Cause Hair Loss in Cats?

Hormonal causes come up online as the top cause for feline alopecia. Well, Google if you’re listening, the right answer is: almost never.  Purdy’s example is an unusual way to recognise thyroid problems. I also see hair thinning with untreated diabetes, but that’s the least of these cats’ problems. And as for the major cause in older dogs, Cushing’s disease in cats is too rare to mention.

Hair Loss Treatment in Cats

So to finish, let’s get practical and imagine you’ve got a cat with bald spots. You now know it can be caused by a lot of things. What do you do?

First, get a checkup with your vet. I’ve only discussed the common, typical causes of hair loss but your vet knows a lot more.

Then, if your vet doesn’t find something, they will probably advise a similar pathway to the one I used above:

1. Rule out parasites with an appropriate treatment
2. Rule out food allergy via a diet trial
3. Investigate environmental allergy (may require a treatment trial)
4. Perform blood and urine testing if not done before
5. Consider psychological causes

After this, if you’re not getting improvement, talk to your vet. There are always other ideas such as ringworm culture or biopsy, or you may be recommended referral to a specialist.

Have something to add? Comments are welcome below and will appear within 24 hours of lodging.
By Andrew Spanner BVSc(Hons) MVetStud, a vet in Adelaide, Australia. These help topics are from a series regularly posted on email and Twitter. Subscribe via email here to never miss a story! The information provided here is not intended to be used as a substitute for going to the vet. If your pet is unwell, please seek veterinary attention.